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<TITLE>RE: [PnP] 1.04</TITLE>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2>We had a power failure, and while the name servers come up I was going over my old gaming files. I found this in my packrat horde of notes. Original site is lost to Antiquity, but the data is from historical sources.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2>boats & ships</FONT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Metric conversion: short tons to metric tons:</FONT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2>1 metric ton = 2204.6 pounds</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 metric ton = 1000 kilograms</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 metric ton = 1.1023 short tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 metric ton = 0.98421 long tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 short ton = 2000 pounds</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 short ton = 907.2 kilograms</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 short ton = 0.9072 metric tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 short ton = 0.8929 long tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 long ton = 2240 pounds</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 long ton = 1016 kilograms</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 long ton = 1.016 metric tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>1 long ton = 1.12 short tons</FONT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2>Conversion Factors </FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Multiply By To Obtain</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>------------------------------------------</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Tons, short 0.9072 Metric tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Tons, long 1.01605 Metric tons</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Gallons 3.78543 Liters</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Bushels 0.0352 Cubic meters</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Cubic Yards 0.765 Cubic meters </FONT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2> Src: Navigation Data Center, The US Army Corps of Engineers. 2000. Metric Conversion. <A HREF="http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/ndc/metric.htm" TARGET="_blank">http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/ndc/metric.htm</A>.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * "'Ton' as used in the Tariff has reference to a short ton of 2,000 lbs. All cargo will be subject to weight or measurement, whichever results in higher charges, with a measure ton consisting of 40 cubic feet." Src: Port Manatee. ?1999. Terminal Tariff No. 3: Rates, Rules And Regulations Governing Port Manatee. <A HREF="http://www.portmanatee.com/TariffC.html" TARGET="_blank">http://www.portmanatee.com/TariffC.html</A></FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> Therefore, in the notes below</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2> I assume the following correspondence of volumes: 1 ton burden (a term used by Lionel Casson) = 1 freight ton = 1 shipping ton = 1 measure ton = 40 cubic feet</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> and I assume the following volume / weight correspondence: 1 ton burden (measure of volume) = 1 short ton (measure of weight) = 2000 pounds = 0.9072 metric ton</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * A man paddling in a dug-out canoe (in Africa) can transport an approximately 180 lb [81kg -tmc] load 40-50 miles a day [64-80 km - tmc] while travelling downstream, and 25-35 miles a day [40-56 km - tmc] when travelling against the river's current (Harms 1981:48-49, cited in Oliver 2000:158)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Greece, Classical - "Vessels of 100 to 150 tons burden [90-135 metric tons - tmc] were common, and the biggest could hold as much as 400." (Casson 1984:25)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * "The largest merchant ships of the fifth century B.C. could transport 10,000 talents [approx. 262 metric tons - tmc]." (Engels 1978:26)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * At the times of Alexander the Great "The average merchant ship could carry 140 tons [126 metric tons - tmc]." (Engels 1978:112)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Rome, 1st c. CE - "Ships, up to 1000 tons [tons burden - tmc], might carry some 600 persons, but ordinary freighters were probably only about 200 tons or less." (Scullard 1970:343)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Venice, 1500 CE. - The city needed only 30-40 ships for her inter-regional trade. "The average size was about 250 tons burden [225 metric tons - tmc], the largest was not over 440 [396 metric tons - tmc]." (Lane 1934:107 cited in Casson 1984:93)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Meditteranean, 13th c. there were "Venetian galleys, as well as round ships carrying 100 to 250 tons [90-225 metric tons - tmc] of cargo." (Curtin 1984:120)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Persian Gulf, 13th c. "The dhows that sailed the Indian Ocean carried 100-400 tons [90-360 metric tons - tmc] of cargo. A large one could carry up to seventy war horses and a hundred fighting men along with other crew and passengers." (Curtin 1984:120)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Europe, 16th c. - "The average for western craft in the 16th century was probably no more than 75 [tons burden] [67.5 metric tons - tmc]." (Casson 1984:25)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Europe, mid-17th c. - In Gdansk, in 1641, 964 [55%] of 1,741 ships which visited the city had a capacity of less then 50 lasts (about 115 metric tons); 674 [39%] had a capacity 50-150 lasts (115-345 metric tons); 103 [6%] of them carried over 150 lasts (345 metric tons and more) (Davies 1982:260).</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * In the 1660s the Siamese ships trading between Bangkok and Canton had around 300 metric tons capacity (Curtin 1984:170)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * In the mid-18th c., on a river route from Tsaritsyn (mod. Volgograd, former Stalingrad) to Astrakhan "goods were put on river boats capable of hauling about 45 tons [40 metric tons - tmc] with a crew of fifteen to twenty." (Curtin 1984:191)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> * Europe, late-18th c. - In Poland, in 1796, the following river-craft was in use (Davies 1982:265).</FONT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2>Name Crew Max Grain Cargo </FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>in metric tons*</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>---------------------------------------------------------------</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Szkuta (Raft) 20 96.4</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Dubas (Barge) 14 67.7</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Byk (Flatboat) 12 50.7</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Lyzwa (Pontoon) 10 50.7</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Koza (small Raft) 10 42.3</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Galar (Lighter) 8 33.8</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Berlinka (skiff) 6 25.4</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>---------------------------------------------------------------</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>* calculated from Polish bushels (1 korzec = 114 litres of rye or, roughly 84.6 kg)</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2>Src: (Davies 1982:265).</FONT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=2> * boats and ships</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2> o boat [unspecified propulsion: rowing? sailing?]: 6.0 km/hr (Smits 1999)</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=2> o Greece, Classical. - "Ships... were underrigged.., and hence slow (their best speed with a favouring wind was no more than six knots [10 km/hr]." (Casson 1984:25)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> o Roman, Imperial. - "Ancient ships could make between 4 and 6 knots [7.4 km - 11.1 km/hr] with a fair wind and thus log roughly 50 nautical miles [92.6 km] during a day's run." (Casson 1984:194)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> o Crusaders travelling in April 1096 from Brindisi, Italy "after a rough voyage of four days landed at Dyrrhachium [Epir - tmc]." (Runciman 1978a:168) []</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> o In 1615, a sailship "on the direct run [...] with a fair wind [could cover] the 850 sea miles [1574.2 km - tmc] to Amsterdam [...] in a week." (Davies 1982:260). [average speed 121.4 nautical miles/day, about 5 n.miles/hr; 225 km/day or 9.4 km/hr - tmc]</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=2> o In Summer 1704 Marlborough planned to move his army from Coblenz to Bedburg by barges floating down the R. Rhine at the rate of 80 miles per day [128.7 km/day tmc] (Chandler 1996:43). </FONT></P>
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